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myrtle and peanut chutney

1 / 2 cup myrtle fresh

1 / 2 cup d and ground peanut

1 / 2 medium onion, thinly sliced \u200b\u200b

3 serrano chiles 1

piloncillo (panela ) mini

1 / 2 cup water

juice 1 / 2 lemon

Fry onion, sliced \u200b\u200bchilies, whole and myrtles brown sugar for about 10 minutes.

Add the peanut powder and after about 5 minutes the water. Cover and simmer for about 15 minutes. Add the lemon juice and cook another five minutes. off and enjoy with bread and cheese, quesadillas , tlacoyos , arepas , meat, chicken or grilled fish. Photo Guillermina Echeverria-Lozano.

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When the flowers with no other name smell so sweet to read simple recipe

" What's in a name? That Which we call a rose
By Any Other Name Would smell as sweet. "

"What's in a name? That which we call a rose,

by any other name would retain its sweet aroma. "

Romeo and Juliet, W. Shakespeare.

The flowers are preferred in amorous conquest and metaphorical comparisons. Flowers inspire our senses and imagination, but above all, inspire the pollinators. If we believe that no one like us to succumb to its fragrance and beauty is because we have not carefully observed a field of flowers. If one succumbs to the flowers are the creatures that visit flowers regularly. Bees, butterflies, bumblebees, beetles, birds and all sorts of small-and not so small-beings are attracted to pollen and nectar offered by flowers in their many shapes and sizes. Many flowers depend on pollinators to be fertilized and then produce fruit and reproduce. And they know their business well because pollinators are hopelessly attracted the flowers for pollen, nectar and other rewards. Flowers and pollinators have coevolved by many thousands of years. In some cases a single pollinator may be associated with a single plant species. For their survival, both depend only on the other. Understanding exactly how this evolutionary dance has occurred between plant species, flowers and pollinators that fertilize is the subject of one of the areas of evolutionary ecology more fruitful and comprehensive. We now know some very interesting things about this type of interaction between plants and animals. We know example that many pollinators are guided by visual cues to find their favorite flowers. Also, volatile organic compounds play an important role in this interaction and there are interesting ways to explore ways in which these compounds attract or repel pollinators. For example, a recent study conducted by a team of 7 researchers led by Claire Suchet Paul Sabatier University used a technique known as electroantennography by which it is possible to measure the response of olfactory receptor in the antenna of an insect under a given olfactory stimulus.

So if on the other hand are measured volatile organic compounds from a flower you can tell what is the sensitivity of the antennae of an insect to such compounds. This was exactly what Claire and his colleagues did a study focusing on flavor variation of two subspecies of Antirrhinum majus (dragonaria) striatum Antirrhinum majus and Antirrhinum majus pseudomajus . Since in the eastern Pyrenees these flowers are visited by hordes of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris ) your beagle study considered these insects.

Antirrhinum majus striatum and Antirrhinum majus pseudomajus , picture taken from the referenced article.

In their study, Claire and her team found that dragonaria flowers emit up to 37 volatile organic compounds and that the two subspecies differed in their aroma, ie, varying in scale and nature of these compounds. They also found that the bees appear to be sensitive to these differences and in fact have an aversion to a compound called acetophenone which is in a high percentage of Antirrhinum majus pseudomajus, ie dragonaria magenta. What are the consequences of this brilliant flower does not smell so sweet to the bees? Why magenta flowers produce large amounts of acetophenone while wild yellow do not? could be that the type magenta produce the compound as a result synthesis of anthocyanin, the compound related to the color magenta. However, this question will be answered in the future because so far little is known about the synthesis of acetophenone. Why have not disappeared magenta flowers if abejorritos not prefer? Well, it's magenta flowers may have won a different battle to the attractive yellow flowers. To attract pollinators is magenta flowers can provide a lucrative prize for the bees, for example, in the form of a delicious nectar. Then, some bees learn to move toward the yellow flowers having a sweeter flavor, while other bees could turn to the magenta-despite its unattractive smell, if it meant getting a higher quality nectar. In the future, Claire and her team plan to see if the flowers with a repulsive acetophenone production offset by a richer pollen to attract pollinators. Claire and his team showed with his flowery study volatile organic compounds play a role in the evolutionary ecology of dragonarias and its interaction with the bees.

Julieta Although if the rose had a different name would be equally sweet for those chubby bumble-savvy of the flowers is not so. For them, some flowers with names (scientific) different definitely not smell the same.

Bumblebee visiting another type of flower. Photograph by Simon Koopmann taken Wikimedia Commons.

article Reference:

Suchet, C., Dormont, L., Schatz, B., Giurfa, M., Simon, V., Raynaud, C., & , Chave, J. (2010). Floral scent variation in two subspecies Antirrhinum majus Influences the choice of naïve Bumblebees Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1106-x

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hand (and intimacy) of hominids

How is that ancestral hominids living is something that would give us valuable information about how to We are who we are and, fortunately, is a topic of interest to a handful of scientists who at this time questions are asked what were the social life and relationships of our ancestors? Were monogamous or polygamous? bones and debris left behind tell us much less than we would like to know about your social life. And the more information-and more species of hominid, are appearing in the picture more doubts arise about their social life. Because we only have this information, it becomes necessary to take full advantage. Fortunately, the fossil-even when fragmented and limited, can give interesting information. Its size, for example, is possible to deduce several things. The sexual dimorphism, ie the size difference observed between males and females of a species is a feature that has been used to predict social behavior. The larger males over females, the greater the competition between males for access to females. Other features may also be associated with such competition as is the size of the canine . Using the degree of sexual dimorphism to infer the social life of extinct hominids becomes more difficult because, among other things, to other characteristics of the group for which there is currently debate, for example, the size of the canines. And in cases like this when, to turn over certain methodological problems emerge ideas such as using other indicators of the social life of the species, such as those related to sexual selection . This is the proposal of a study by Emma Nelson , Rolian Campbell, Lisa Cashmore and and Susanne Shultz The results were published just recently in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society . The multinational and multidisciplinary group for study considered the ratio between the second (index finger) and the fourth digit (ring finger), ie the result of dividing the length of the index finger between the length of the ring. The proportion to which commonly referred to as 2D: 4D , is considered a marker of prenatal sex hormones.

have seen that the proportion 2D: 4D is sexually dimorphic in humans, being generally lower in men than in women. Additionally, we have seen that a low proportion 2D: 4D is associated with dominance-related behaviors in both sexes. Even at the population level has been linked with polygynous systems. This relationship is also maintained in nonhuman primates and has been shown that the proportion is higher in monogamous species than in those more promiscuous and characterized by competition between males.

Hand with shorter index than ring fingers (a low ratio between the second and fourth fingers) which indicates high exposure to testosterone in the womb. Image taken from Wikipedia .

Therefore, to investigate the social system of extinct hominids that we had enough information on their hands, and since only we have the bones of the hands of several of Emma and her team used the size of the phalanges. For their study, then, the proportion used 2D: 4D ratio unless 2FP: 4FP, where FP refers to the proximal phalanx . Emma and colleagues used fossils housed in museum collections, as well as information reported in other articles on existing hominids, ie Homo sapiens , and extinct as Pierolapithecus catalaunicus , Hispanopithecus laietanus (an ancestral ape), Ardipithecus (the recently discovered "Ardi"), Australopithecus afarensis (like the famous Lucy), and Homo neanderthalensis (our closest relative in the sample). used for their comparisons contemporary measures monogamous apes such as gibbons (Hylobates ) and promiscuous apes such as chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas (Pan , Pongo and Gorilla , respectively). In such a way that counting the dimensions of the phalanges of extinct hominids and man, as well as measures of the phalanges and information about the social life of contemporary apes and man, it was possible to infer the behavior of extinct hominids. It is important to note that in case of Homo sapiens social system was considered as an intermediate between monogamy and polygyny. Ardi The results indicate that the ancestral apes, Neanderthals and humans would all devotees of polygyny, but a system would be characterized monogamous australopithecenes , ie Lucy and her relatives. However, the variability in the proportions of our closest relatives digital Homo neanderthalensis suggests that these hominids of the Pleistocene, as well as contemporary humans, they could have shown some flexibility in their social system and mating habits, ie could been found between monogamy undecided and promiscuity. These results suggest beyond as they might have been the headlines of the Pleistocene version of the journal Hello! , also suggests that the transition from a polygynous one (potential or mostly) monogamous may have occurred late in human evolutionary history. The earlier proposal, placed on the table by other authors, I would agree with theories that suggest that a monogamous system would have evolved hand in hand with the increase in brain size evolution genus Homo. Not that being monogamous is (necessarily) mean being smart in the animal world, but because big brains are expensive and monogamy may be the ideal social system to pay its price. Let's see why.

The big brains of human babies, compared to other species, requires a considerable amount of parental care for an extended period of time and the fact that, despite this, the human species is highly fecund in hominids is attracting attention. The species with large brains in relation to body size are generally little productive. However, the exception to this rule are those species in which there is a dedicated parental care.

Breeding Homo sapiens. Stock Bùi Linh Ngan taken Wikimedia Commons.

In the human case, in particular, high fertility may in some cases maintained only if it has the support of both parents, especially if we think human in such demanding situations such as a hunter-gatherer and / or a nomad. The fact that, considering the proportion 2FP: 4FP, humans are at an intermediate point between monogamy and polygyny also suggests that pairing in this species differs from other monogamous primates. We can say that, biologically speaking, the human system is rather one in which both females and males tend to have multiple partners, but exhibit a tendency to monogamy when it comes to raising their offspring. Judging by the proportion of the bones of the hand, the social systems of the Neanderthals and modern humans would be similar and characterized by some degree of competition in the acquisition of partners. This is consistent with the idea that both members of the genus Homo showed similarities in their development. As we see, the hands-and in particular the bones of the fingers can tell us about the social life of the species, including extinct hominids. The more you appear older fossils may be the scope of studies like Emma and their collaborators. There are still many mysteries to be solved than when the hominid brain became so great that shared parenting was a prerequisite for the survival of offspring? What other factors in the history of our ancestors spoke to was a transition from polygyny to a system closer to monogamy? What ways-if any-are linked the evolution of brain size, parental care and sexual dimorphism? Sure there are currently few others paleobiologist wondering what lay hands tools to answer these and other electrifying unknowns. Reference article:

Nelson, E., Rolian, C., Cashmore, L., & Shultz, S. (2010). Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans But Not in Australopithecus Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1740
--------- --------------------------------------------------
-------------------- Please read the article by Dan Jones " A window on the past " published on April 25, 2009 in the journal New Scientist .

Plastic Towel Bar Replacement

extinct and existing blueberry ice cream and chocolate

1 / 2 kilo of blueberries

2 cups water 1 cup sugar 3 tablespoons cream

fresh 100 grams of dark chocolate into small pieces

berries are liquefied, water, sugar and cream.
Add the mixture to ice cream machine and once I take some consistency, add the chocolate gradually.
The result is a dense ice cream where the bittersweet taste of the delicious fruit is mixed with the bitter sweet taste and crunchy pieces of chocolate.

Photography Echeverria-Lozano Guillermina.

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Lithic Technology and language: a romance of old

fit, making a rock with his left hand, another with your right hand and prepares to hit the right side of the rock on the left side. The process requires all his concentration, coordinated action of their limbs and muscles, the precision of their movements. He has an experience of almost 40 years producing stone tools has used different materials, has tried various ways and methods is an expert in its preparation.

B ifaz Acheulean. Image taken from Wikimedia commons .

But he is not a hominid from the Lower Paleolithic : he is a modern hominid. So modern is now at the Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, UK. Bruce Bradley is dedicated, among other things, to teach others the art of contemporary hominid development of tools that were originally created by other hominids, but several thousand years ago. In one of his last works Bruce used a special cyber-glove with an electronic tracking system that recorded by the angles of their joints when preparing stone tools from two different types. This was carried out with three other authors ( Aldo Faisal, Dietrich Stout and Jan Apel ) and the idea was to characterize and compare the complexity in the development of two types of prehistoric lithic technology: the Acheulean and the Oldowan . Their findings were recently published in the journal PLoS ONE . related behavioral patterns with reproduction, obtaining food and other critical issues in the survival of the species are crucial to understanding its evolution. The presence and characteristics of stone tools in the fossil beds is an important source of information about human cognitive evolution, among other things. The fact that the sophistication and complexity of the technology of our ancestors were increasing with time also suggests that cognitive abilities have evolved. For example, the Oldowan lithic industry is characterized by sharp flakes of rock that were developed by direct percussion of a rock with another. Then about about 1.7 million years ago, began appearing Acheulean tools that suggested a greater intent in drafting and include sharp and large drop-shaped tools to which they are known as bifaces ( handaxes ).

late Acheulean technology (about 0.5 million years) achieved a considerable standardization and refinement. It is proposed that the development of these tools reflects the existence of novel cognitive and well-established procedures in preparing them. That is, there was a definite intent in drafting, was not only arbitrary shapes. Such observations have led some researchers to suggest that just as there was a jump in the complexity of tools may also have an associated leap in the evolution of language, as discussed in detail later.

Oldowan tool. Image taken from Wikimedia commons .

In a couple of previous studies led by Dietrich Stout , in which brain scans were used for making Acheulean and Oldowan tools, we found that there was a Overlap between certain regions associated with language and those that were activated during development of tools (see below).

However, the development of Acheulean tools produced additional activity in the right hemisphere, including Brodmann area 45 a region associated with high-level hierarchical cognition, such as certain processes language. This could suggest the possibility that during the late Acheulean period there is also a more complex language processing.

However, these results were not conclusive in that regard, as it was necessary to rule out the possibility that an increase in the activity of the right hemisphere involve simply an increase in the demands of control of grip. Hence then, it was necessary to characterize and compare the complexity of the movements performed during the development of both types of tools.

A. A rock center, is beaten with another (B). C. Oldowan tools (above) and Acheulian (below). D. The development of both tools is related to the activation of the ventral premotor cortex (PMV). Image taken from PLoS ONE.

To answer this question was necessary, in addition to designing the chidísimo cybergloves-devise a statistical method that allowed them to rely on the results, even considering the complexity of other tasks performed in daily life as boxes and pull over small objects in a box. Aldo, Dietrich, Jan and Bruce found no differences in the complexity of the movements during the development of both types of tools. This attention is considering the differences between Oldowan lithic technology and the Acheulean. The authors suggest then that differences in brain activation observed during the development of both types of technology involve differences in behavioral organization of high level, rather than differences in response to the complexity of object manipulation. Therefore, during the early stages of human technological developments necessary cognitive abilities might be more related to perceptual and motor skills, while later stages may have been characterized by the existence of improved control mechanisms. Consequently, the observed increase in the activity of the right hemisphere during the development of Acheulean tools can be attributed to an increase in other functions. In theory, these functions would be related to, for example, the regulation of complex actions in sequence. For example, for proper weight loss of Acheulean biface is necessary that whoever is creating stop, turn and prepare the double-sided before striking again in order to achieve the desired shape and edge. This requires planning, organization and prioritization of activities to be performed. Similarly, the language prosodic (stress and intonation) requires the hierarchical integration of information over time. The fact that the regions involved in the development of tools and overlap on language production suggests the existence of not only media, if not functional features shared by both processes. This would imply then that the action of selection on the language or the development of tools might have favored the neural substrates of the other. Aldo's study, Dietrich, Jan and Bruce adds new elements to the proposal that the evolution of language and skills related to the development of tools may have gone hand in hand for most of the human evolution. Reference article:

Faisal, A., Stout, D., Apel, J., & Bradley, B. (2010). The Manipulative Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone toolmaking PLoS ONE, 5 (11) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013718

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Raise Ravens and become geniuses

recent years have given the Ravens another meaning to the term "knucklehead" as we have shown that you can have bird brains yet surprise us with their skills.

The corvids groups they belong to the nutcrackers, magpies, jays and ravens, among others, and are famous for their innovative behaviors, their big brains, use your and general tools for their intelligence (see other examples here and here ). New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides ), in particular, have demonstrated amazing abilities in the use of tools. These skills are extraordinary not only in the animal world (non-human), but even compared with primates, the kings of the use of tools.

Cuervo. Image taken from here .

For example, in some experiments the crows not only use pieces of wire to extract juicy worms hidden in a tube if you bend one end of the wire easier to extract. Some authors have even suggested that his ability to use tools shows that these dark birds are capable of inductive reasoning. That is, can establish causal relationships between events and thus be able to solve problems that require, for example, the implementation of actions in sequence. Also, in the ornithological world is much talk about its considerably larger brains.

Cuervo using tools. Image Rosen Jonathon.

In other species such as primates and ungulates, has been that brain size is related to group size and the presence of complex cognitive skills, such as the ability to classify in a hierarchy. According to the social brain hypothesis the pressures facing social animals could have led to the development of flexible and intelligent minds. However, in the world of birds not found a clear relationship between brain size and sociality. Others as Richard W Byrne and Andrew Whiten have suggested that the quality and type of relationships can predict the "intelligence" that the best way to group size. Despite all the details about their skills, until recently was not known in detail the social structure of the crows of New Caledonia. To remedy this Holzhaider Jenny University of Auckland in New Zealand was given the task of studying for 4 years as part of his doctoral thesis - the social life of a group of crows on the island of Maré in New Caledonia. Some of the results of his thesis was published a few weeks ago in the online version of the journal Animal Behaviour . For his dissertation, Jenny and other partners put food tables with vertical holes in which were pieces of flesh that could only be extracted with a tool, for example, a stick of appropriate length and width. About these tables placed Pandanus trees for the crows could get around their "tools."

Since crows identified individually with colored bandages on their legs Jenny and her team were able to know who is associated with whom in the feeding sites. Also, put radio transmitters on some of them to know its position outside of the food tables.

Surprisingly, the results showed that New Caledonian crows are highly social. In fact, these crows seem to prefer small family units: the couple and their young. In addition, the offspring remain closely associated with their parents during the first year of life and even longer, during which parents can even provide food for young black and attached. These crows birds seem to be very relaxed, do not seem to defend their territories and adults tolerate juveniles belonging to other families. During the study of Jenny observers rarely witnessed aggressive interactions. This could be due to the existence of social hierarchies that somehow the conflict can be cushioned. The fact that parental care is so long distinguished the crows of New Caledonia in other corvids. The advantage of the protracted relief and protection of parents is that it allows the young to learn techniques for extraction of food, particularly in areas where food is not readily accessible. line with the hypothesis technical intelligence, given by Richard W Byrne and Andrew Whiten , challenges which could impose the removal of food could explain the cognitive skills developed and the degree of encephalization in this species of tropical crows. Interestingly, this hypothesis was originally proposed to explain the difference between brain size among hominids and other primates. The authors of it's suggested at the time as a supplement to the social brain hypothesis, not as a substitute. Consequently, the authors proposed that competition social and technological (tool use) acted together to promote the evolution of increased brain size and, therefore, the degree of intelligence. According to Jenny and her team, two aspects of social life of New Caledonian crows are consistent with the hypothesis mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. First, as social relations are restricted to immediate family. Second, parents facilitate the acquisition of skills in their young through the continuous interaction over a long period of time. latter promotes vertical transmission (from father to son, or from one generation to another) of skills in the use of tools. Vertical transmission is considered crucial for the reliable transmission of technological innovations. On the other hand, a strong tolerance among individuals has also been proposed as a key factor in the evolution of technology in hominids. The close tolerance between individuals and allow new generations to observe in detail the behavior of others, particularly when it comes to observing the use and / or development tools. As mentioned previously, tolerance a particular social was also observed in the study crows Jenny. In another wording of ideas, the fact that New Caledonian crows establish close social relationships and long term is consistent with the idea that, from the cognitive point of view, the quality of relationships birds (or at least some) could be a more important factor than the number of relationships in the evolution of avian intelligence.

In summary, in New Caledonian crows small social networks, and extended parental care the existence of quality social relationships are social factors that might be associated with impressive skills in the use of tools and the development of cognitive skills. In the world of the crows of New Caledonia, where young ravens become geniuses.

"Cuervo sophisticated: I can use your orbital sander friend? "

20-1 Sydney Morning Herald -1996.

Reference article:


Holzhaider, J., Sibley, M., Taylor, A., Singh, P., Gray, R., & Hunt, G. (2010). The social structure of New Caledonian crows Animal Behaviour DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.015

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pork chops with blueberry sauce and ancho chile

1 / 2 k blueberry
1 clove garlic 1 teaspoon salt

1 /
2 cup sugar 2 tablespoons ancho chile flakes 2 tablespoons small

vegetable oil 5 pork chops, fresh (not smoked)

Stock

Guillermina Echeverria í a-Lozano.

Mash the garlic and fry in oil. Once the garlic and let the aroma is starting to brown add the peppers and fry for a few seconds.

immediately add whole blueberries and salt and cook over very low heat for about 20 minutes.

In a separate pot caramelize the sugar is.

On another frying pan with a little bit of meat cooking oil and salt until golden brown.

caramel is added slowly to the blackberry sauce, stirring constantly to prevent the caramel from clumping, but not too much to allow small slabs of candy are not dissolved into the sauce.

The sauce is served over pork to feel immediately after the slab of caramel mixed with the flavor of the sauce and meat. The combination of textures and flavors is unique and delicious.

Serve with a puree made with equal parts of potato and carrot, and lettuce salad.

(bad) picture of Guillermina Echeverria í a-Lozano.