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Raise Ravens and become geniuses

recent years have given the Ravens another meaning to the term "knucklehead" as we have shown that you can have bird brains yet surprise us with their skills.

The corvids groups they belong to the nutcrackers, magpies, jays and ravens, among others, and are famous for their innovative behaviors, their big brains, use your and general tools for their intelligence (see other examples here and here ). New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides ), in particular, have demonstrated amazing abilities in the use of tools. These skills are extraordinary not only in the animal world (non-human), but even compared with primates, the kings of the use of tools.

Cuervo. Image taken from here .

For example, in some experiments the crows not only use pieces of wire to extract juicy worms hidden in a tube if you bend one end of the wire easier to extract. Some authors have even suggested that his ability to use tools shows that these dark birds are capable of inductive reasoning. That is, can establish causal relationships between events and thus be able to solve problems that require, for example, the implementation of actions in sequence. Also, in the ornithological world is much talk about its considerably larger brains.

Cuervo using tools. Image Rosen Jonathon.

In other species such as primates and ungulates, has been that brain size is related to group size and the presence of complex cognitive skills, such as the ability to classify in a hierarchy. According to the social brain hypothesis the pressures facing social animals could have led to the development of flexible and intelligent minds. However, in the world of birds not found a clear relationship between brain size and sociality. Others as Richard W Byrne and Andrew Whiten have suggested that the quality and type of relationships can predict the "intelligence" that the best way to group size. Despite all the details about their skills, until recently was not known in detail the social structure of the crows of New Caledonia. To remedy this Holzhaider Jenny University of Auckland in New Zealand was given the task of studying for 4 years as part of his doctoral thesis - the social life of a group of crows on the island of Maré in New Caledonia. Some of the results of his thesis was published a few weeks ago in the online version of the journal Animal Behaviour . For his dissertation, Jenny and other partners put food tables with vertical holes in which were pieces of flesh that could only be extracted with a tool, for example, a stick of appropriate length and width. About these tables placed Pandanus trees for the crows could get around their "tools."

Since crows identified individually with colored bandages on their legs Jenny and her team were able to know who is associated with whom in the feeding sites. Also, put radio transmitters on some of them to know its position outside of the food tables.

Surprisingly, the results showed that New Caledonian crows are highly social. In fact, these crows seem to prefer small family units: the couple and their young. In addition, the offspring remain closely associated with their parents during the first year of life and even longer, during which parents can even provide food for young black and attached. These crows birds seem to be very relaxed, do not seem to defend their territories and adults tolerate juveniles belonging to other families. During the study of Jenny observers rarely witnessed aggressive interactions. This could be due to the existence of social hierarchies that somehow the conflict can be cushioned. The fact that parental care is so long distinguished the crows of New Caledonia in other corvids. The advantage of the protracted relief and protection of parents is that it allows the young to learn techniques for extraction of food, particularly in areas where food is not readily accessible. line with the hypothesis technical intelligence, given by Richard W Byrne and Andrew Whiten , challenges which could impose the removal of food could explain the cognitive skills developed and the degree of encephalization in this species of tropical crows. Interestingly, this hypothesis was originally proposed to explain the difference between brain size among hominids and other primates. The authors of it's suggested at the time as a supplement to the social brain hypothesis, not as a substitute. Consequently, the authors proposed that competition social and technological (tool use) acted together to promote the evolution of increased brain size and, therefore, the degree of intelligence. According to Jenny and her team, two aspects of social life of New Caledonian crows are consistent with the hypothesis mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. First, as social relations are restricted to immediate family. Second, parents facilitate the acquisition of skills in their young through the continuous interaction over a long period of time. latter promotes vertical transmission (from father to son, or from one generation to another) of skills in the use of tools. Vertical transmission is considered crucial for the reliable transmission of technological innovations. On the other hand, a strong tolerance among individuals has also been proposed as a key factor in the evolution of technology in hominids. The close tolerance between individuals and allow new generations to observe in detail the behavior of others, particularly when it comes to observing the use and / or development tools. As mentioned previously, tolerance a particular social was also observed in the study crows Jenny. In another wording of ideas, the fact that New Caledonian crows establish close social relationships and long term is consistent with the idea that, from the cognitive point of view, the quality of relationships birds (or at least some) could be a more important factor than the number of relationships in the evolution of avian intelligence.

In summary, in New Caledonian crows small social networks, and extended parental care the existence of quality social relationships are social factors that might be associated with impressive skills in the use of tools and the development of cognitive skills. In the world of the crows of New Caledonia, where young ravens become geniuses.

"Cuervo sophisticated: I can use your orbital sander friend? "

20-1 Sydney Morning Herald -1996.

Reference article:


Holzhaider, J., Sibley, M., Taylor, A., Singh, P., Gray, R., & Hunt, G. (2010). The social structure of New Caledonian crows Animal Behaviour DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.015

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pork chops with blueberry sauce and ancho chile

1 / 2 k blueberry
1 clove garlic 1 teaspoon salt

1 /
2 cup sugar 2 tablespoons ancho chile flakes 2 tablespoons small

vegetable oil 5 pork chops, fresh (not smoked)

Stock

Guillermina Echeverria í a-Lozano.

Mash the garlic and fry in oil. Once the garlic and let the aroma is starting to brown add the peppers and fry for a few seconds.

immediately add whole blueberries and salt and cook over very low heat for about 20 minutes.

In a separate pot caramelize the sugar is.

On another frying pan with a little bit of meat cooking oil and salt until golden brown.

caramel is added slowly to the blackberry sauce, stirring constantly to prevent the caramel from clumping, but not too much to allow small slabs of candy are not dissolved into the sauce.

The sauce is served over pork to feel immediately after the slab of caramel mixed with the flavor of the sauce and meat. The combination of textures and flavors is unique and delicious.

Serve with a puree made with equal parts of potato and carrot, and lettuce salad.

(bad) picture of Guillermina Echeverria í a-Lozano.

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El baile de la macarena and mirror neurons

most likely at a party in recent years has touched you dance the Macarena , otherwise it is almost certain that at least have heard of it. This song of English origin was originally performed by Los del Río and has been danced around the world in numerous public and private events and even distinguished people.

Video taken of YouTube.

The macarena dance shows that imitation is not as immediate as you'd think and are sometimes required numerous choreographic attended training sessions to achieve some coordination and, If possible, so famous grace in movement of arms and hips. is possible that during a party some of the attendees to do the macarena dance have preferred to wander about the neural networks that enable one to follow a choreography or not. For example, one could question If watching the choreography from the comfort of an armchair would activate the same neurons that those who if they were dancing. This would not be a trivial question considering the recent developments and debates in neuroscience about the role played by mirror neurons in social cognition in general and the understanding of the actions of others, in particular. Mirror neurons were first described in monkeys and outstanding about them is that "lit up" not only when a monkey carried out an action (such as grasping a cup), but also when the monkey watched another doing the same action. Then other studies have suggested the existence of a similar system in humans. These neurons, with the ability to reflect the actions observed and enforced, are in the parietal cortex and premotor cortex . Given its apparent involvement in several aspects of social cognition, have been called also "sympathetic neurons" and has even been proposed that are "the force behind the great leap forward in human evolution" . But before we get excited again it is still necessary to understand several aspects regarding its origin and how they work. According Cecilia Heyes, University of Oxford, the first thing you need to know is where do mirror neurons? . According to a review published this year, the mirror neuron system could be 1) an adaptation to the understanding of the action on others or 2) a byproduct of associative learning. In the first case, mirror neurons have been favored by natural selection because they helped to holders of them to understand what others were doing. In the second case, mirror neurons would be a product of the learning that Pavlov studied with his famous dogs. According to Cecilia, both explanations are plausible, although the hypothesis of associative learning has more advantages. For example, associative learning in mind the differences between monkeys and humans could be explained more easily.

To begin with, the experience can have a significant effect on the activation of mirror neurons. For example, part of the observed differences among other primates, and we could be due to the human development receive more training and / or stimulation to perform certain actions. Some authors suggest that if a monkey some type of training received perhaps its mirror neuron system would behave similar to ours. If the latter were true, then it would be a point in favor of the hypothesis of association.

The effect of experience has also been observed in studies with (human) pianists, which shows more activation mirror when they look at a piano performance compared to an observer with no experience in implementing Music. The same could happen with an experienced dancer with an amateur compared to observe, for example, dancing the macarena.

In support of associative theory these and other studies suggest that sensorimotor experience can improve, reverse or eliminate the activation of mirror neurons.

Other interesting observations regarding the mirror neuron system is that we have seen that corresponding neurons in monkeys respond to actions on objects while in humans there is also responding to gestures. On the other hand, the response in monkeys was found when subjects observe the actor's whole body, whereas in humans it is sufficient that the actor observe the activity of a single hand. Many of the studies have focused on actions taken by hand, but also neuronal activity has been reported for mouth-related actions, including monkeys, as evidenced by a macaque study published ago few years.

Macaco 3-day-old imitating the language removed. Image from the PLoS .

However, the study of mirror neurons is tricky. For example, a recent study regarding visuomotor facilitation suggests that imitation is not as automatic as one would think-hence sometimes copy the movements of the macarena is not a trivial task. The results can be influenced by the context, as instructed, the degree of attention directed to stimulus, etc.. On the other hand, if the mirror neuron system is a product associative learning then we would expect to find similar systems in other species, not only in primates. The species may have similar systems would be those where there has been associative learning. S i associative learning is behind the origin of the mirror neuron system is then unlikely to be considered as the great evolutionary leap that separates us from other animal groups.

Parallel studies are needed to understand the phenomenon fully. For example, studies using magnetic resonance imaging should be treated with caution and checked against information other sources (to read a well informed comment regarding MRI studies here press).

Interestingly, in humans has been seen that the activation also occurs outside the area that has been reported for monkeys. This difference could be due to differences in methods used in both primates: monkeys are used invasive methods to isolate individual neurons, while in humans using magnetic resonance methods which necessarily becomes more rough approximation .

The fun about mirror neurons is just beginning. But p or the time, what is certain is that mirror neurons do not, by themselves, to empathy. Empathy is a complex phenomenon that involves more than a network of neurons on and off. Still, the mirror neuron system seems to be a key element in social cognition and the study will certainly help us to understand issues related to it.

Cecilia concluded in their review that if the associative hypothesis is true, then mirror neurons not only support if they are supported by human sociality. Much of the sensory and motor experience is precisely that we acquire through our interactions with other .

Reference articles:

Heyes, C. (2010). Where do mirror neurons come from? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 34 (4), 575-583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.007
Dossey L (2010). Strange contagions: of laughter, jumps, jerks, and mirror neurons. Explore (New York, NY), 6 (3), 119-28 PMID: 20451143

Gowen, E., Bradshaw, C., Galpin, A., Lawrence, A., & Poliakoff, E. (2010). Following visuomotor priming Exploring biological and non-biological stimuli Brain and Cognition DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.08.010

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tangerine and fennel ice cream

1 / 2 quart of tangerine juice 1 cup water

1 / 2
tablespoon whole fennel 1 can sweetened condensed milk (397 g)

the little seeds are crushed fennel in a mortar and made tea with them in the cup water.

cool.

Once cool, fennel tea, along with the little seeds, is liquefied with the tangerine juice and condensed milk.

Add mixture to ice cream maker manual or follow the recipe of choice.

tangerine and fennel ice cream (below) and blueberry ice cream with chocolate (above). Photographs

Guillermina Echeverria-Lozano.

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Passionate love, embodied cognition and the city

Stephanie Nettles is a kind of Carrie Bradshaw of psychology and cognitive science. Stephanie also lives and works in New York, but not in Manhattan, and also interested in relationships and dating. However, Stephanie does not conform to talk to their friends about these issues: Stephanie invites volunteers to his lab to help answer the questionnaires, conducting experiments and even take magnetic resonance imaging of their brains for them. The conclusions reached Stephanie not published in The New York Star, as Carrie. Stephanie publishes its findings on the passionate love, friendship, self-awareness, as well as intentions, desires and actions of people, among other topics, in journals in psychology and neuroscience. In fact, recently published, together with some colleagues, an article on the understanding of motor intention between couples in love in the journal Journal of Social and Personal Relationship s . Stephanie Nettles and colleagues Nisa Patel, Francesco Bianchi-Demicheli and Scott T. Grafton wanted to deepen the understanding intent between couples in love passionately and its relation to embodied cognition (or Embodied cognition). That is, wanted to know more about love is that couples are able to understand the intention and predict the actions of their half, and how this relates to the way they integrate their experiences.

Mutual understanding of the actions of a pair occurs when one of the members guess the other's intention even before he or she completed the action. For example when a member of loving dyad "knows" that the other will take water simply by the way that grips the glass.

The first part of the New York team's experiment consisted of placing advertisements in which couples are asked "passionate love" and dyads of friends. Once the curious and / or enthusiastic volunteers arrived, the next task was to distinguish volunteers who actually were "passionate love" for those who just experienced a "love of company" ( companionate love) . The latter refers to one that can happen between best friends, where there is affection and commitment, but where there is not necessarily sexual arousal. Diada passionately in love. Author unknown. order to separate the volunteers Stephanie and her team used the passionate love scale. If, indeed, there is a scale to measure the passion that exists in a relationship (which surely would have given their Carrie Manolo Blahnik to change). Also, they used the scale of the love of company ( companionate love scale) and the scale of including other in self ( Inclusion of Other in Self scale ). The next task was to get multiple video frames of hand and forearm of the participants and their partners or friends. In these videos the volunteers carried out six different actions intentional and unintentional six actions. For example, writing on paper vs writing at the table, snip vs "paint" with scissors, etc.. Ie intentions "right" and "incorrect." The videos are divided into boxes where each represented only part of the complete action. Participants then saw three paintings (completed action) for a maximum of 2.5 seconds in total and scored the intention of the actions they observed in them. In those tables, they could see themselves, their partners and a stranger, but without knowing who appeared in them. Participants then had to infer-as fast as they could, if the result of the observed actions were intentional or not. Stephanie and her team found that participants could infer the intent of the actions observed much faster when watching videos corresponded to themselves or their partners, especially when the participants were passionately in love. In fact, there was no difference in the time necessary to infer these actions in themselves and their partners, and the reaction time was much less the longer they had a passionate love affair. is interesting to note that even though close friends dyads corresponding reaction times were similar to those passionate dyads, suggesting that it is precisely the loving relationship which facilitates understanding observed actions and not just the proximity. The authors attribute the results to the existence of implicit facilitation (implicit priming ): couples in love passionately quickly understand the intention under certain stimuli. That is, the reaction occurs at an associative level, not only perceptual. These findings are consistent with theories that suggest that 1) the integration and recall of motor actions themselves facilitates understanding of the actions observed in others, and 2) that couples passionately in love there is some mental addition soulmate in the mental representation itself. That is, it's as if the mental representation of the other are incorporated in self-representation and achieve a kind of expansion of self-representation. has been suggested as a kind of self-expansion (or expansion of self) occurs when we experience intense emotions (such as passionate love) and then we create a mental representation shared self and partner. Moreover, since the same brain areas appear to mediate the love and embodied cognition Stephanie and her team support the idea that passionate love could mediate embodied cognition. Beyond the romantic aspect that involves guessing steps loved or loved one, the study of Stephanie and her team provide us information about how humans encode and "represent" relationships. That is, love is not just an emotional state, but a cognitive state that involves cognitive motivations related to ourselves. Understanding others is based (in part) in mind "experience back "perceptual actions, somato-visceral and motor, and apparently, the actions of others are processed more quickly when they have been executed by those who love passionately. Stephanie and her colleagues suggest that it is important now to make similar experiments in other relationships and other states would love intense as maternal love, and the different stages within a relationship. Of course, the team also enthusiastic about the idea of \u200b\u200bgetting magnetic resonance imaging to comprehend exactly what areas of the brain associated with embodied cognition are activated during experiments similar and, for example, in participants with unsatisfactory love relationships. Such studies help us understand the development of embodied cognition in romantic relationships, facilitating the role of implicit and, therefore, the role that these cognitive processes play in the understanding of others. Just as in a typical scene of Sex and the City , Stephanie, Nisa, Francesco and Scott probably met several times to discuss the passionate love can even do so during the lunch. Notably, when of this writing, the writing know how to fashion were the authors of the study during their meetings. Discussing sex during lunch. Author unknown. Reference article:

Ortigue, S., Patel, N., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., & Grafton, S. (2010). Implicit priming of embodied cognition on human motor intention understanding in dyads in love Journal of Social and Personal Relationships DOI: 10.1177/0265407510378861

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