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Vasopressin and

members of all cultures known to listen to music. Being a widespread practice one might wonder if you could have a biological basis. Studies carried out on fetuses, infants, whole families, including twins and some where they have used magnetic resonance imaging of the brain suggest that this is the case. A recent study suggests even the existence of a genetic component.

This is not surprising if we think that the music arouses in those who hear a wide range of emotional reactions. When Sorry that we inChina the skin, either by listening to the Goldberg Variations or the new Coldplay album , we owe that feeling to a flood of chemicals that run through our body in response to what we hear: hormones.

Djajakarta image.

have seen that the music they listen to the babies, for example in the form of lullabies, affects the attachment they develop with their parents. Also, it has been observed it is possible to develop a more cohesive group when a group has sung or played music together. One of the hormones responsible for this could be the vasopressin (also called arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone argipresina). Vasopressin is a hormone that modifies the permeability of the kidneys and plays an important role in the regulation of water, glucose and salts in the blood. However, like the oxytocin, has been shown to modulate various social behaviors when it is released directly into the brain. AVPR1A gene encodes a receptor molecule that modulates the influence of vasopressin in the brain. We have seen that this gene is involved in some aspects of cognition and social behavior including attachment, the establishment of ties and even altruism in humans and other species. Whereas earlier a team of Finnish researchers have been interested in the issue of the genetic basis of aptitude and musical creativity, undertook the task of finding out the relationship between the presence of gene variants AVPR1A and taste (or interest) to listen to music, either passive or active. Their results were published just recently in the journal Journal of Human Genetics . For their study, Liisa Ukkola-Vuoti and Irma Järvelä , leading the investigation, identified the AVPR1A gene variants in members of 31 Finnish families (642 individuals in total). These same people were asked various questions to assess their interest in music and music education. All patients had a test to measure their musical ability (Karma Music test ). was felt that the study subjects had an active interest in hearing music when doing paid attention to it and liked going to concerts. On the contrary, it was felt that individuals had a passive interest when used simply as background noise. " Interestingly, in early 1900 here, has been an increase in interest in music. It is believed that this is due to increased availability of music and appliances to be played. Therefore, Liisa, Irma and the rest of the team had to take this into account and to classify the study subjects in different age groups to prevent such phenomenon modify the results.

According to the results of the Finnish team, those with a higher educational level tended to listen more actively and average musical interest varied according to the pedigrees. Ie, between families. In addition, the active interest in music was associated with genetic variants and associated in a previous study with the aptitude and musical creativity.

Image taken from here by Proust73 .

One would think that those individuals with higher musical education would be more likely to actively listen to music simply because the musical learning so requires and that, therefore, the musical education would be related to the AVPR1A gene variants. However, this was not the case when music education was considered as a covariate. Which strengthens the conclusion that the musical interest has a genetic component. One detail that should be considered even more care is the influence of memory in studies such as those with a greater interest in music may also experience strong emotions in doing so and, therefore, be able to recall their experiences and activities related to music more precisely. Also, some types of personalities may be able to remember most of your habits over time and how they hear music, so these factors should be considered in future studies. Even though (thankfully) are some questions floating in the air, the study of human listening habits and its relationship to the genetic diversity of the study subjects is certainly a sweet way to immerse yourself in the exciting area of \u200b\u200bdual heritage: the co-evolution of genes and culture . ( Here you can see a concert for strings of one of the Goldberg variations here and you can hear a beautiful guitar version)

Reference article:

Ukkola-Vuoti, L., Oikkonen, J., Onkamo, P., Karma, K., Raij, P., & Järvelä, I. (2011). Association of the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) haplotypes with listening to music Journal of Human Genetics DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.13

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strings concert HIV virus uses the protein Vif to reactivate multifaceted

One obstacles for AIDS treatment has been, for several years and recognized the virus's ability to remain in a dormant state. If patients stop taking their medications or are weakened by some other infection the virus appears to emerge, and sometimes in a more resistant to treatment. One strategy of viruses to monitor the success and level of infection is through the manipulation of some of the proteins involved in cell cycle of infected cells. Therefore, research focusing on understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in this process could, eventually, help to design more successful therapies aimed at eliminating HIV reservoirs and the reestablishment of the functions of the immune system of patients infected. have already identified several proteins that are used by HIV to amend cell cycle of infected cells. For example, the viral protein called Vif (viral infectivity factor ) is involved in the forced retention of cells in G2 phase cell cycle is a period of rapid cell growth and is exactly where the transcription of viral genome is optimal. Vif protein prevents the cells to grow at that stage. structural diagram of HIV. Image taken from Wikimedia Commons . In a recent study , led by Terry H. Finkel and Jiangfang Wang The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia found that the protein Vif is additionally involved in an earlier stage during the cell cycle, causing cells to move from the phase G1 to S , it latter characterized by a higher activity. This study is the first to demonstrate that a viral protein that can modulate cell cycle progression and, therefore, gives a little more light on the understanding of how is that the virus passes from a latent to active. The authors also found that Vif protein interacts with two cellular proteins: Brd4 and CDK9 . And although it was known that these proteins involved in cell cycle progression, the fact now known to be manipulated by the viral Vif protein makes them potential targets in the design of therapies. Of course, the latter will require more time and experiments, but bit by bit, molecule by molecule, protein-protein, we approach more effective therapies to control the lethal virus del sida. Artículo de referencia:

Wang, J., Reuschel, E., Shackelford, J., Jeang, L., Shivers, D., Diehl, J., Yu, X., & Finkel, T. (2010). HIV-1 Vif promotes the G1- to S-phase cell-cycle transition Blood, 117 (4), 1260-1269 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-289215